The simple harmonic oscillator is an extremely important physical system study, because it appears almost everywhere in physics. This happens to be the equation of motion for a spring, assuming we've put our equilibrium point at \( x=0 \): This sort of motion is given by the solution of the simple harmonic oscillator (SHO) equation, Note that the frequency is independent of the mass of the pendulum.Our next important topic is something we've already run into a few times: oscillatory motion, which also goes by the name simple harmonic motion. This gives the angular frequency of the simple harmonic motion of the simple pendulum, because: The equation relating the angular acceleration to the angular displacement for a simple pendulum thus becomes: Whenever the acceleration is proportional to, and in the opposite direction as, the displacement, the motion is simple harmonic.įor a simple pendulum, with all the mass the same distance from the suspension point, the moment of inertia is: Summing torques, the restoring torque being the only one, gives: Gravity provides the restoring force (a component of the weight of the pendulum). This gives a relationship between the angular velocity, the spring constant, and the mass:Ī simple pendulum is a pendulum with all the mass the same distance from the support point, like a ball on the end of a string. This is the net force acting, so it equals ma: For a mass on a spring, where the restoring force is F = -kx, this gives: The frequency of the motion for a mass on a springįor SHM, the oscillation frequency depends on the restoring force. We'll look at that for two systems, a mass on a spring, and a pendulum.
What distinguishes one system from another is what determines the frequency of the motion. The acceleration can in fact be written as:Īll of the equations above, for displacement, velocity, and acceleration as a function of time, apply to any system undergoing simple harmonic motion. Note that the equation for acceleration is similar to the equation for displacement. When the displacement is maximum, the acceleration is maximum, because the spring applies maximum force the force applied by the spring is in the opposite direction as the displacement. If you consider a mass on a spring, when the displacement is zero the acceleration is also zero, because the spring applies no force. The acceleration also oscillates in simple harmonic motion. It turns out that the velocity is given by: When the displacement is maximum, however, the velocity is zero when the displacement is zero, the velocity is maximum. In simple harmonic motion, the velocity constantly changes, oscillating just as the displacement does. The frequency is how many oscillations there are per second, having units of hertz (Hz) the period is how long it takes to make one oscillation. It is related to the frequency (f) of the motion, and inversely related to the period (T): Note that the in the SHM displacement equation is known as the angular frequency. So, in other words, the same equation applies to the position of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion and one dimension of the position of an object experiencing uniform circular motion. The amplitude is simply the maximum displacement of the object from the equilibrium position. How does this relate to simple harmonic motion? An object experiencing simple harmonic motion is traveling in one dimension, and its one-dimensional motion is given by an equation of the form Plugging this in to the x and y positions makes it clear that these are the equations giving the coordinates of the object at any point in time, assuming the object was at the position x = r on the x-axis at time = 0: The motion is uniform circular motion, meaning that the angular velocity is constant, and the angular displacement is related to the angular velocity by the equation: This is two-dimensional motion, and the x and y position of the object at any time can be found by applying the equations: Consider an object experiencing uniform circular motion, such as a mass sitting on the edge of a rotating turntable. It might seem like we've started a topic that is completely unrelated to what we've done previously however, there is a close connection between circular motion and simple harmonic motion.
The connection between uniform circular motion and SHM Simple harmonic motion Simple harmonic motion